Time, Spacetime Expansion, and the Question of Infinity
A Pressure–Curvature Perspective
Time slows near massive objects. Space expands across the cosmos. Space and time are not separate entities, but part of a single structure we call spacetime. These ideas, established by relativity, have reshaped our understanding of the universe. Yet deep questions remain: What is time, really? Does it ever stop? Is the universe finite or infinite?
In this article, I reflect on these questions through the lens of the Pressure–Curvature Law of Gravity (PPC Gravity), which interprets gravity as a pressure-driven phenomenon arising from mass–energy density.
Time Near Black Holes: Does It Stop?
Near black holes, gravitational time dilation becomes extreme. To a distant observer, clocks close to an event horizon appear to slow dramatically, approaching zero rate. This effect is well established in General Relativity.
However, this does not mean that time literally becomes infinite or stops everywhere. For an observer falling into a black hole, time proceeds normally in their local frame. What we observe is relative time dilation, not an absolute halt of time.
In PPC gravity, this extreme time dilation is interpreted as the result of very high gravitational pressure, which produces strong spacetime curvature and slows the passage of time relative to distant regions.
Space and Time Are One
Modern physics teaches us that space and time are unified as spacetime. They cannot be separated physically.
Motion through space affects time.
Curvature of space implies curvature of time.
Expansion of space is inseparable from the evolution of time.
PPC gravity fully adopts this view. Gravitational pressure acts on spacetime as a whole, influencing both spatial geometry and temporal rates simultaneously.
Spacetime Expansion and Cosmic Evolution
Observations show that the universe is expanding. Galaxies move apart as spacetime itself evolves.
Within PPC gravity, this expansion can be understood as the large-scale redistribution of gravitational pressure and curvature. High-pressure conditions dominate early cosmic epochs, while pressure gradually weakens and spreads, allowing spacetime to expand and flatten locally.
Expansion, however, does not automatically imply infinity. Growth and infinity are not the same.
Is the Universe Infinite?
One of the most common misconceptions is that expansion proves the universe is infinite. In reality, expansion describes how spacetime changes over time, while infinity concerns the global size or topology of the universe.
Current observations cannot definitively determine whether the universe is finite or infinite. From a pressure-curvature perspective, weak curvature and low pressure allow spacetime to appear nearly flat over vast distances, but this alone does not establish infinity.
Multiverse: Possibility, Not Proof
Some cosmological models propose multiple causally disconnected regions of spacetime, often described as a multiverse. In pressure-based language, such regions could arise where gravitational pressure becomes extremely weak and causal interaction ceases.
However, multiverse scenarios remain theoretical hypotheses, not experimentally confirmed facts. PPC gravity allows discussion of such possibilities but does not claim them as proven.
Finite Spacetime, Infinite Appearance?
It is logically possible that spacetime has a finite causal structure while the universe appears unbounded within observational limits. Whether this is true remains an open question. PPC gravity reframes the issue in terms of pressure distribution and curvature rather than purely geometric abstraction.
Final Thoughts
Extreme gravity shows us that time can slow dramatically, spacetime can curve intensely, and cosmic evolution is deeply tied to mass–energy. PPC gravity offers a physically intuitive way to understand these phenomena by identifying pressure as the causal link between energy and geometry.
What remains unresolved, whether the universe is infinite or whether multiple universes exist, should be treated with humility. These are questions at the frontier of physics, not settled conclusions.
Key Takeaway
Time dilation, spacetime expansion, and cosmic structure can be understood through gravitational pressure, but the infinity of the universe and the existence of a multiverse remain open scientific questions.
Pawan Upadhyay
Independent Researcher
Pawan Upadhyay's Pressure–Curvature Law of Gravity (PPC Gravity)
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